A maine scientist has defeloped a two-step process which can make 翻譯

熱心網(wǎng)友： 一個(gè)緬因州科學(xué)家已經(jīng)開發(fā)了一個(gè)兩步過程，這可以使。。。。

熱心網(wǎng)友：緬因州的的科學(xué)家已經(jīng)defeloped一個(gè)兩步的過程，可以使

熱心網(wǎng)友：Efficiency and simplicity have long eluded renewable-fuel researchers, but a Maine scientist has developed a two-step process he says can make oil from the cellulose in wood fiber.This process, far less complex than competing methods, creates an oil that can be refined into gasoline, jet fuel or diesel and removes nearly all oxygen -- the enemy of fuel efficiency."It's unique and it's simple," said Clay Wheeler, the University of Maine chemical engineering professor who discovered the process last year with two undergraduates. "This is important because the more complex the technology, the more expensive it's going to be."In heavily wooded Maine, logging produces a lot of scrap tree stumps, tops and branches that are unusable for making lumber or paper.While additional research is needed, if Wheeler's process is ultimately able to be commercially developed, it could help forest-rich states generate their own fuel from that scrap.In the first step of Wheeler's process, wood is bathed in sulfuric acid, isolating the sugars in cellulose and producing an energy-intense organic acid mixture.That mixture is then heated with calcium hydroxide in a reactor to 450 degrees Celsius (840 Fahrenheit), a step that removes oxygen.What drips out is a hydrocarbon liquid that chemically mimics crude oil.For every ton of cellulose processed, Wheeler is able to make about 1.25 barrels of oil equivalent, a unit of energy comparable to the amount of energy produced by burning one barrel of crude oil.The acids and calcium hydroxide are recycled at the end of the process, cutting costs, he said.The most expensive part is the wood itself, Wheeler said. At current wood biomass prices, he acknowledged his process is not economically competitive with traditional crude oil refining."But we anticipate that the value of the fuel will continue to increase as petroleum becomes more scarce," he said.The economic viability of the project is a source of concern, said Andrew Soare, an analyst who tracks alternative fuel technologies at Lux Research, a technology advisory firm."Further understanding of costs is key to this reaction," Soare said. "I think this process certainly does have a chance to go somewhere."Paul Bryan, program manager at the U.S. Department of Energy's Biomass Program, said a project's economics are a key factor for any future funding support."If the outputs are a lot more valuable than the inputs, that's the first step to success," he said.The journal Green Chemistry plans to publish a study later this year on Wheeler's process, which does not use catalysts or bacteria as most other alternative fuel methods do.Wheeler is now studying just what makes his process tick. He accidentally stumbled upon it 11 months ago while trying different reactions with biomass and acids.He does not know exactly what happens inside the reactor during the second phase, when the oil is actually produced, but he knows what he can make with it.During a recent tour of his Maine laboratory, Wheeler refined his fuel into gasoline that can be used in existing engines."We've had independent laboratories test this, and without any upgrading, it was 82-octane gasoline," Wheeler said.That is a lower octane rating than you find at gas stations -- most are at least 87 -- but traditional crude oil refining uses several steps to reach that mark."We think we can get there," Wheeler said of the higher octane rating.NEW INNOVATIONS AND PRODUCTSEven though the United States has 10 percent of the world's forest land, its pulp and paper industry has slowly declined in the past 50 years due to shrinking paper demand.In August, paper shipments fell 6.4 percent from the same month last year and box production slipped 2.7 percent, according to the American Forest and Paper Association.Wheeler's process could entice the paper industry to take a second look at Maine, Oregon and other timber-rich states."This is the kind of stuff you could do in a pulp and paper mill," Wheeler said. "Paper plants are already used to high temperatures."University of Maine officials are hoping Wheeler's process creates jobs in a state with a 7.6 percent unemployment rate."These mills are the heart of communities in Maine and they need new innovations and products," said Renee Kelly, director of economic development initiatives at the university."Pulp and paper are very cyclical, commodity businesses." 效率和簡單再生能源長期以來研究人員,但一個(gè)緬因州科學(xué)家已經(jīng)開發(fā)了一個(gè)兩步的過程他說可以使油從纖維素在木質(zhì)纖維。這個(gè)過程中,競爭少得多復(fù)雜得多的方法,創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)石油可以提煉成汽油、噴氣燃料和柴油和消除幾乎所有的氧氣——敵人的燃料效率?！斑@是獨(dú)特的,這很簡單,”克萊惠勒,緬因大學(xué)的化學(xué)工程教授發(fā)現(xiàn)了去年兩個(gè)本科生的過程?！斑@是非常重要的,因?yàn)楦鼜?fù)雜,更昂貴的技術(shù)將。”在密林覆蓋的緬因州,日志會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的廢樹樁,上衣和分支,是無法使木材或紙。而更多的研究是必要的,如果惠勒的過程是最終能夠成為商業(yè)發(fā)達(dá),它可以幫助森林豐富的國家自己生產(chǎn)的燃料從廢。在第一步的惠勒的過程中,木材是沐浴在硫酸、孤立的糖在纖維素和生產(chǎn)用能大戶的有機(jī)酸混合物。,然后加熱混合物與氫氧化鈣在反應(yīng)堆到450攝氏度(840華氏度),一個(gè)步驟,可去除氧。什么滴是一種碳?xì)浠衔镆后w,化學(xué)模擬原油。每噸纖維素加工,惠勒能夠使約1.25桶油當(dāng)量,一個(gè)單位的能量與能量的燃燒所產(chǎn)生一桶原油。這些酸和氫氧化鈣是再生在這個(gè)過程的最后,削減成本,他說。最昂貴的部分是木材本身,惠勒說。在當(dāng)前木材生物質(zhì)價(jià)格,他承認(rèn)他的過程不是經(jīng)濟(jì)競爭與傳統(tǒng)原油精煉?！暗覀冾A(yù)期的值燃料將繼續(xù)增加石油變得更加稀缺,”他說。項(xiàng)目的經(jīng)濟(jì)可行性是一個(gè)令人關(guān)切的問題,分析師Andrew暴漲,跟蹤替代燃料技術(shù)在Lux Research技術(shù)咨詢公司?！斑M(jìn)一步了解成本的關(guān)鍵是這個(gè)反應(yīng),“暴漲說?！拔艺J(rèn)為這個(gè)過程的確是有機(jī)會(huì)去某個(gè)地方?！北Ａ_·布萊恩,項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理在美國能源部的生物質(zhì)項(xiàng)目,說項(xiàng)目的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素,任何未來的資金支持?！叭绻敵龈袃r(jià)值的比輸入,這是成功的第一步,”他說?！毒G色化學(xué)計(jì)劃今年晚些時(shí)候發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究在惠勒的過程,它不使用催化劑或細(xì)菌大多數(shù)其他替代燃料的方法做?；堇照谘芯吭鯓幼鏊^程蜱蟲。他偶然偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)這11個(gè)月前在嘗試不同的反應(yīng)與生物量和酸。他不知道到底發(fā)生了什么在反應(yīng)堆中第二階段,當(dāng)油實(shí)際上是生產(chǎn),但他知道他可以用它。在最近一次巡視他的緬因州實(shí)驗(yàn)室,惠勒精煉他的燃料成汽油,可以用于現(xiàn)有的引擎?！拔覀円呀?jīng)有了獨(dú)立的實(shí)驗(yàn)室測試,沒有任何升級(jí),這是82號(hào)汽油,”惠勒說。這是一個(gè)低辛烷值比你發(fā)現(xiàn)加油站——大多數(shù)是至少87,但傳統(tǒng)的原油精煉用幾個(gè)步驟來達(dá)到,馬克?！拔覀冋J(rèn)為我們可以到達(dá)那里,”惠勒說,更高的辛烷值。新的創(chuàng)新和產(chǎn)品盡管美國擁有全球10%的林地,其紙漿和造紙行業(yè)已經(jīng)慢慢下降在過去50年里由于紙需求萎縮。8月,紙發(fā)貨量下滑6.4%比去年同期和箱產(chǎn)值下滑了2.7%,據(jù)美國森林和紙協(xié)會(huì)?；堇盏倪^程可能會(huì)誘使造紙行業(yè)采取第二個(gè)看緬因州,俄勒岡州和其他木材豐富的國家?！斑@是那種你可以做的東西在紙漿和造紙廠,”惠勒說。“紙植物已經(jīng)用于高溫?！本捯虼髮W(xué)官員希望惠勒的過程創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)在一個(gè)國家有7.6%的失業(yè)率?！斑@些米爾斯是心臟的社區(qū)在緬因州和他們需要新的創(chuàng)新和產(chǎn)品,”蕾妮凱利,主任說經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展活動(dòng)在大學(xué)?！凹垵{和紙張非常周期性,大宗商品業(yè)務(wù)?！?/p>