論文中英文標(biāo)題單詞首字母大小寫如何確定?

【專家解說(shuō)】：. 英文題名(標(biāo)題) 1)題名結(jié)構(gòu) 英文題名短語(yǔ)主要形式尤名詞短語(yǔ)( noun phrase )見即題名基本由或幾名詞加其前置(或)置定語(yǔ)構(gòu)例: Discussion about the Envy of Children an the Aged (童與妒論略) Principles to Follow in Enrolling Talents in Higher Education Institutions (高校才引進(jìn)應(yīng)遵循原則)短語(yǔ)型題名要確定詞再進(jìn)行前修飾各詞順序重要詞序?qū)е卤磉_(dá)準(zhǔn)題名般應(yīng)陳述句題名主要起標(biāo)示作用陳述句容易使題名具判斷式語(yǔ)義;況且陳述句夠精練醒目重點(diǎn)易突少數(shù)情況(評(píng)述性、綜述性駁斥性)用疑問(wèn)句做題名疑問(wèn)句探討性語(yǔ)氣易引起讀者興趣例: Can Agricultural Mechanization be Realized Without Petroleum? (農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化能離石油 ? )2)題名字?jǐn)?shù)題名應(yīng)總原則題名應(yīng)確切、簡(jiǎn)練、醒目能準(zhǔn)確反映論文特定內(nèi)容前提題名詞數(shù)越少越般宜超 10 實(shí)詞 專家建議要超 15 字根據(jù)記憶特點(diǎn)超 12 字否則易記憶限度般超 20 字 外文題名3)英文題名致性 同篇論文其英文題名與文題名內(nèi)容應(yīng)致等于說(shuō)詞語(yǔ)要應(yīng)許情況別非實(shí)質(zhì)性詞省略或變4)題名寫 題名字母寫三種格式 A. 全部字母寫例: DISCUSSION about THE ENVY OF CHIDREN AND THE AGED B. 每詞首字母寫三或四字母冠詞、連詞、介詞全部寫例: From Go-back-to-history to Non-history ---- A Criticism of New Historicism C. 題名第詞首字母寫其余字母均寫例: Topographic inversion of interval velocities .般采用 B. 格式2.作者與作者單位英譯 1) 作者名按漢語(yǔ)拼音拼寫作者姓名漢語(yǔ)拼音采用寫:姓前名 間空格 例: Li Ping (李平) Li Xiaoping (李平)2) 單位單位名稱要寫全(由)例: No. 152, Xingan West Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 名拼寫:第字字母寫面字緊跟面寫例: Beijing, Nanhai 3.英文摘要 原則講文摘要編寫注意事項(xiàng)都適用于英文摘要摘要內(nèi)容主要 ① 點(diǎn)明主題解析文章目或意圖; ② 介紹主要內(nèi)容使讀者迅速解文章或書籍概貌; ③ 提結(jié)論或建議供讀者參考英語(yǔ)其自表達(dá)式、語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣主要譯英往往造所占篇幅較同內(nèi)容段文字若用英文描述其占用篇幅能比文倍撰寫英文摘要更應(yīng)注意簡(jiǎn)潔明力爭(zhēng)用短篇幅提供主要信息英文摘要致性主要指內(nèi)容面致性問(wèn)題認(rèn)識(shí)存兩誤區(qū)認(rèn)兩摘要內(nèi)容差行英文摘要隨意刪文摘要重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容或隨意增補(bǔ)文摘要所未提及內(nèi)容容易造文摘重轉(zhuǎn)移甚至偏離主題二認(rèn)英文摘要文摘要硬性譯文摘要每字都敢遺漏往往使英文摘要用詞累贅、重復(fù)顯拖沓、冗英文摘要應(yīng)嚴(yán)格、全面表達(dá)文摘要內(nèi)容能隨意增刪并意味著字能改具體撰寫式應(yīng)遵循英文語(yǔ)修辭規(guī)則符合英文專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)規(guī)范并照顧英文表達(dá)習(xí)慣選擇適態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)使摘要符合英文語(yǔ)修辭規(guī)則前提通情況摘要謂語(yǔ)詞態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)都通篇律應(yīng)根據(jù)具體內(nèi)容所變化否則容易造理解混亂種變化并非章循其存著些規(guī)律:1)英文摘要態(tài) 英文摘要態(tài)運(yùn)用簡(jiǎn)練佳用般現(xiàn)、般少用現(xiàn)完、完進(jìn)行態(tài)其復(fù)合態(tài)基本用A. 般現(xiàn)用于說(shuō)明研究目、敘述研究?jī)?nèi)容、描述結(jié)、結(jié)論、提建議或討論等例: This study (investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to… The result shows (reveals) that… It is found that… The conclusions are… The author suggests that… .涉及公認(rèn)事實(shí)、自規(guī)律、永恒真理等要用般現(xiàn)B. 般用于敘述某刻(段)發(fā)現(xiàn)、某研究程(實(shí)驗(yàn)、觀察、調(diào)查等程)例: The techniques of questionnaire and interview were applied to study women customers' demand for cosmetics in January and August, 2005. 需要指用般描述發(fā)現(xiàn)、現(xiàn)象往往尚能確認(rèn)自規(guī)律、永恒真理何何;所描述研究程明顯帶間痕跡C. 現(xiàn)完完完少用用現(xiàn)完發(fā)或已完事情與現(xiàn)聯(lián)系起完用表示某間前已經(jīng)完事情或事情完前已完另行例: Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy.2)英文摘要語(yǔ)態(tài) 采用何種語(yǔ)態(tài)既要考慮摘要特點(diǎn)要滿足表達(dá)需要篇摘要短盡量要隨便混用更要句混用數(shù)情況采用語(yǔ)態(tài)采用語(yǔ)態(tài)情況主要:說(shuō)明事實(shí)經(jīng)某件事誰(shuí)做須證明;強(qiáng)調(diào)作承受者;些情況必須用強(qiáng)調(diào)事物做主語(yǔ)例: In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained. 某些情況特別表達(dá)作者或關(guān)專家觀點(diǎn)使用主語(yǔ)態(tài)其優(yōu)點(diǎn)鮮明力且摘要謂語(yǔ)詞采用主語(yǔ)態(tài)助于文字清晰、簡(jiǎn)潔及表達(dá)力例: The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically 語(yǔ)要強(qiáng)3)英文摘要稱 摘要首句用第三稱 This paper… 等或采用更簡(jiǎn)潔語(yǔ)態(tài)般用第稱4 )遣詞造句 掌握定遣詞造句技巧簡(jiǎn)單、準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)減少讀者誤解A. 用詞力求簡(jiǎn)單表達(dá)同意思盡量用短詞代替詞用詞代替僻詞描述、步驟應(yīng)該用狹義詞代替廣義詞例英文少詞 do, run, get, take 等雖簡(jiǎn)單用其意義少則十幾則幾十用類詞描述研究程讀者難免產(chǎn)誤解甚至知所云要求根據(jù)具體情況選擇意義相明確詞諸 perform, achieve 等便于讀者理解B. 造句盡量使用短句句容易造語(yǔ)義清;要避免單調(diào)重復(fù)熟悉英文摘要用句型:盡管英文句型種類繁豐富彩摘要用句型卻限且形定規(guī)律體歸納( 1 )表示研究目用摘要首 In order to……This paper describes……The purpose of this study is……( 2 )表示研究象與 The curative effect/function] of certain drug was observed/studied… ( 3 )表示研究結(jié): The result showed/It proved/The authors found that… ( 4 )表示結(jié)論、觀點(diǎn)或建議: The authors suggest/conclude/consider that… 二盡量采用 -ing 詞 -ed 詞作定語(yǔ)少用關(guān)系代詞 which , who 等引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)句由于摘要態(tài)采用般使用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)句使句式變復(fù)雜且容易造態(tài)混亂(定語(yǔ)所修飾主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)間存定 間差完、等往往難準(zhǔn)確判定采用 -ing 詞 -ed 詞作定語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)化語(yǔ)句同減少態(tài)判定失誤5)注意事項(xiàng) 英文摘要寫作程應(yīng)避免些見錯(cuò)誤 A. 冠詞主要定冠詞 the 易漏用 the 用于表示整群體、類、間、名外獨(dú)二事物、形容詞高級(jí)等較易掌握用于特指漏用原則即我用 the 聽者或讀者已經(jīng)確知我所指例: The author designed a new machine. The machine is operated with solar energy. 由于現(xiàn)縮略語(yǔ)越越要注意區(qū) a an an X ray. B. 數(shù)詞避免用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字作首詞: Three hundred samples are collected… Three hundred 要寫 300. C. 單復(fù)數(shù)些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式易辨認(rèn)造謂語(yǔ)形式錯(cuò)總看英文文獻(xiàn)積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)摸索規(guī)律提高英文寫作水平才能寫英文摘要英文摘要見句型 1) This paper deals with... 2) This article focuses on the topics of...3) This essay presents knowledge that... 4) This thesis discusses...5) This thesis analyzes... 6) This paper provides an overview of...7) This paper elaborates on ... 8) This article gives an overview of...9) This paper provides a method of ... 10) This paper considers...11) The writer of this paper discusses... 12) This paper strongly emphasizes...13) This article explores... 14) This paper tries to describe...15) This article covers the role of chemicals in...16) This paper presents up to date information on...17) This article not only describes...but also suggests...18) This paper includes discussions concerning...19) This article compares...and summarizes key findings.20) This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21) This paper offers the latest information regarding...22) This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23) This paper addresses important topics including... 24) This paper expresses views on...25) This paper reports the latest information on ... 26) This paper provides an analysis of ...27) This paper gives an account of ... 28) The aim of this paper is to determine...29) The objective of this paper is to explore...30) The purpose of this article is to review/ prove/ show/ present/ develop/ generalize/ investigate4.關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞反映文章主要內(nèi)容術(shù)語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)檢索重要作用關(guān)鍵詞般用名詞且標(biāo)題或摘要選取每篇文章選 3 ~ 8 關(guān)鍵詞文章題名名、名作關(guān)鍵詞標(biāo)應(yīng)標(biāo)注英文關(guān)鍵詞、英文關(guān)鍵詞應(yīng)應(yīng)文關(guān)鍵詞前應(yīng)冠關(guān)鍵詞:英文關(guān)鍵詞前冠 Key words :作標(biāo)識(shí)關(guān)鍵詞間應(yīng)號(hào)隔便于計(jì)算機(jī)自切關(guān)鍵詞擴(kuò)展詞組 / 短語(yǔ)毋用單詞匯單詞匯基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展:營(yíng)銷→網(wǎng)絡(luò)營(yíng)銷→網(wǎng)絡(luò)營(yíng)銷管理切記避免關(guān)鍵字堆砌5.英文參考文獻(xiàn)英文參考文獻(xiàn)順序按作者 ( 編者 ) 姓名字母依排列作者 ( 編者 ) 或第作者其姓寫前面并用逗號(hào)與名字隔;非第作者姓名仍名寫前姓寫面同作者同著作按照版間先順序排列其著作律排論文前面同作者其著作用橫線代替作者名字沒(méi)作者 ( 編寫 ) 按文獻(xiàn)名稱字母順序排列著作版信息版、版社再用括號(hào)括起版間寫作者 ( 編者 ) 姓名用括號(hào)括起用逗號(hào)與文獻(xiàn)名稱隔期刊雜志文章要標(biāo)明起止頁(yè)碼頁(yè)碼前必加 p. 或 pp. 首行頂格文獻(xiàn)信息超行第二行起縮進(jìn)兩字母距離例:Aron, Raymond (1966), Peace and War , New York: Doubleday. Baldwin, David (ed.) (1993), Neorealism and Neoliberalism : The Cotemporary Debate, New York: Columbia University Press.Blechman, Barry M. and Stephen S. Kaplan (1978), Force without War , Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution.