流域水電開發(fā)環(huán)境影響評價方法

【摘要】：水電開發(fā)項目的環(huán)境影響問題日益受到廣泛關(guān)注,對于跨界的國際河流更是如此。本研究借助數(shù)學模型、制圖和地理信息系統(tǒng)等手段,探索流域水電開發(fā)環(huán)境影響的評價方法,并以國際河流阿穆爾/黑龍江流域作為案例開展了應用分析。阿穆爾/黑龍江流域是典型的需要共享環(huán)境責任的跨界地區(qū)。然而目前在該流域普遍存在共享資源的不協(xié)調(diào)利用現(xiàn)象,具體包括:過度捕撈,不合理的分流引水,單邊建設洪水控制設施,水電站的開發(fā)建設(HPP),未經(jīng)處理的徑流排放,濫砍濫伐等,導致阿穆爾/黑龍江流域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)力和恢復力不斷被削弱。根據(jù)中俄跨界地區(qū)合作計劃,阿穆爾河/黑龍江主河道規(guī)劃有12座水壩;此外在三國共享流域內(nèi)至少有80多座大型水壩已完成建設。由于對風險的考慮不足,這種大規(guī)模建設對于環(huán)境和社會經(jīng)濟的影響非常復雜,且很難預測。為此,本研究提出一種相對簡單的、流域尺度的快速評價方法。該方法通過比較各種水電項目的全流域環(huán)境影響,在阿穆爾/黑龍江流域所有擬建水電站中,篩選生產(chǎn)力最高,但對環(huán)境危害最小的水電發(fā)展方案。論文作者通過大量文獻調(diào)研,首先探討了大型水壩的主要功能及其環(huán)境影響,總結(jié)了水電開發(fā)和水壩建設的成本效益分析方法和主要環(huán)境影響評價方法,系統(tǒng)梳理了目前中國水電發(fā)展的趨勢,并分析了國內(nèi)和跨區(qū)水電項目環(huán)境影響評價的法律框架。然后,作者回顧了中俄水電合作的歷程,總結(jié)了兩國在阿穆爾/黑龍江流域水電和水資源管理的合作趨勢,并簡要介紹了該流域擬建大型水電項目對環(huán)境和社會的潛在影響。在此基礎(chǔ)上,作者提出了大型水壩環(huán)評的關(guān)鍵評價因素和指標,構(gòu)建了流域尺度水電建設環(huán)境影響評價方法,該方法可以估算下游水文狀況和洪泛區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的改變、壩上水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的改變及流域的碎片化與阻斷。最后,作者以阿穆爾/黑龍江及其子流域單元為例進行評價方法的應用,給出了評價的結(jié)果和結(jié)論,并就黑龍江流域水電發(fā)展的兩國合作之可能途徑,提出了建議。通過建議的評價方法,作者進行了阿穆爾/黑龍江流域潛在水壩建設位置的全流域評價,并評估了不同水電開發(fā)方案對環(huán)境的影響和效率?；谠u估結(jié)果,作者提出了一種可能的水壩開發(fā)項目分類:滿意(22),不滿意(24),有害(5),災難性的(15)。這種分類綜合考慮了水壩的發(fā)電能力及其環(huán)境影響。在前述研究的基礎(chǔ)上,作者對阿穆爾/黑龍江跨界流域水電開發(fā)做了情景預測,建議在該地區(qū)采用更嚴格的環(huán)保標準,提高現(xiàn)有設施的能源效率,以此作為推動該地區(qū)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的強制性前提要求,滿足要求后方可考慮新增大壩建設的可行性。只有評估結(jié)果為“滿意”類中(少害,高效)的水壩項目才可以作為備選方案實施。必須避免其他類別評估結(jié)果的水壩建設。 【關(guān)鍵詞】：阿穆爾/黑龍江流域 水電開發(fā) 流域環(huán)境影響評價 中俄水電合作
【學位授予單位】：清華大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：X82
【目錄】：

• 中文摘要2-3
• ABSTRACT3-6
• INTRODUCTION6-10
• CHAPTER 1. IMPACTS, COSTS AND BENEFITS OF HYDROPOWERDEVELOPMENT. CURRENT APPROACHES TO IMPACT ASSESSMENT10-22
• 1.1. Socio-economic costs and benefits of dams10-12
• 1.2. Environmental impacts of large dams12-16
• 1.3. Current approaches to the strategic impact assessment of the hydropowerdevelopment in a river basin16-22
• CHAPTER 2. HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA AND LEGALframeWORK FOR THE EIA ON HYDRO PROJECTS22-27
• 2.1. Recent trends of hydropower development in China22-23
• 2.2. China’s legal framework on Environmental Impact Assessment fordomestic and transboundary hydropower projects23-27
• CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF AMUR/HEILONG RIVER BASIN AND IMPACTS OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT27-47
• 3.1. Geographical and hydrological characteristics of the Amur / Heilong Riverbasin27-32
• 3.2. Global value of the Heilongjiang freshwater ecosystems and humanimpacts in the basin32-37
• 3.3. Reasons and history of large hydro development in Heilongjiang basin. 3237-47
• 3.3.1. A brief analysis of the HPPs existing in the Amur / Heilong Riverbasin39-42
• 3.3.2. HPPs proposed in Heilongjiang basin42-47
• CHAPTER 4. METHODOLOGY OF THE BASIN-WIDE ENVIRonMENTAL IMPACTEXPRESS ASSESSMENT47-57
• 4.1. Introduction to the express environmental assessment methodology47-48
• 4.2. Selection of most significant indicators for the model: its basiccharacteristics and significance48-55
• 4.2.1. Downstream changes in the hydrological regime and floodplainecosystems49-51
• 4.2.2. Transformation of aquatic ecosystems above the dam51-52
• 4.2.3. Isolation of river sections52-53
• 4.2.4. River basin fragmentation53-55
• 4.2.5. Change in the natural regime of sediment runoff55
• 4.2.6. Natural value of the sub-basin55
• 4.3. Integral and environmental efficiency indicators used in the model55-57
• CHAPTER 5. EXAMPLE OF A COMPREHENSIVE BASIN-WIDE HYDROPOWERIMPACT ASSESSMENT57-73
• 5.1. Impact assessment for a single HPP57-64
• 5.1.1. Downstream changes in the hydrological regime and floodplainecosystems59-60
• 5.1.2. Transformation of aquatic ecosystems above the dam60
• 5.1.3. River basin blockage by the dam60-62
• 5.1.4. River basin fragmentation62
• 5.1.5. Modification of natural regime of sediment runoff62-63
• 5.1.6. Integral indicators of impacts of a single HPP63-64
• 5.1.7. Environmental efficiency indicators for a single HPP64
• 5.2. Comparison of the impacts of single HPPs64-67
• 5.3. Scenarios of hydropower development in the river basin67-70
• 5.3.1. Downstream changes in the hydrological regime and floodplainecosystems67-69
• 5.3.2. Transformation of aquatic ecosystems above the dam69
• 5.3.3. Isolation of the river basin69
• 5.3.4. Basin fragmentation69
• 5.3.5. Change in the natural regime of sediment runoff69-70
• 5.3.6. Integral and specific (environmental efficiency) indicators of thecascade's impacts70
• 5.4. Comparison of the scenarios of hydropower development inthe river basin70-73
• CHAPTER 6. RESULTS OF THE ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRonMENTAL IMPACTSOF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE AMUR / HEILONG RIVER BASIN73-80
• 6.1. Results of individual assessment of the HPPs on the threemain indicators73-76
• 6.2. Possible ways of Hydropower Development in Heilong River basin76-80
• CHAPTER 7. ConCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS80-83
• 7.1. Conclusions80-82
• 7.2. Recommendations82-83
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT83-84
• LIST OF TABLES84-85
• LIST OF FIGURES AND PICTURES85-86
• APPENDIX 1. LIST OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRonMENTAL IMPACTS POTENTIALLYCAUSED BY ConSTRUCTION OF LARGE HYDROPOWER PROJECTS86-88
• APPENDIX 2.OUTLINE OF THE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY88-89
• APPENDIX 3. RANKING OF INTEGRAL IMPACTS OF POTENTIAL DAMSCENARIOS – 3 FACTORS (CHINESE SIDE OF THE HEILONG BASIN)89-90
• APPENDIX 4. RANKING OF INTEGRAL IMPACTS OF POTENTIAL DAM SCENARIOS – 3 FACTORS (RUSSIAN SIDE OF THE HEILONG BASIN + MAINCHANNEL)90-91
• APPENDIX 5. RANKING OF INTEGRAL IMPACTS OF POTENTIAL DAM SCENARIOS – 5 FACTORS (RUSSIAN SIDE OF THE HEILONG BASIN + MAINCHANNEL)91-92
• APPENDIX 6. CORRELATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND EFFICIENCY(RUSSIAN SIDE OF THE HEILONG BASIN + MAIN CHANNEL)92-93
• APPENDIX 7. CORRELATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND EFFICIENCY(CHINESE SIDE OF THE HEILONG BASIN)93-94
• APENDIX 8. HPPS IN THE AMUR / HEILONG RIVER BASIN AND ITS INTEGRALIMPACT ON THE ECOSYSTEM OF THE RIVER ON 3 MAIN FACTORS94-97
• BIBLIOGRAPHY97-102
• Resume102-103
• 個人簡歷103

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