苗圩：深化制造業(yè)開放合作 促進全球經(jīng)濟包容性增長

2018年4月20日，中國日報刊發(fā)工業(yè)和信息化部部長苗圩英文署名文章《Further opening up of manufacturing to promote global growth》，中國日報網(wǎng)發(fā)布該文章中文版《深化制造業(yè)開放合作 促進全球經(jīng)濟包容性增長》?，F(xiàn)將原文轉(zhuǎn)載如下：
深化制造業(yè)開放合作 促進全球經(jīng)濟包容性增長
西方有句諺語“一棵樹擋不住寒風”，中國有句格言“眾人拾柴火焰高”。開放合作、互利共贏，在此基礎(chǔ)上構(gòu)建人類命運共同體，正日益成為全球共識。
2018年是中國共產(chǎn)黨十九大后的開局之年，也是中國改革開放40周年?？v觀改革開放40年的歷程，中國制造業(yè)秉承開放發(fā)展的理念，堅持引進來和走出去并重，堅持多邊開放與區(qū)域開放結(jié)合，逐步從政策性開放向制度性開放轉(zhuǎn)變，成為中國對外開放的重要窗口和合作共贏的重要領(lǐng)域。
40年來，中國發(fā)生了巨大變化，成為世界制造業(yè)生產(chǎn)和出口大國、制造業(yè)領(lǐng)域利用外資大國和境外投資大國，逐步融入國際產(chǎn)業(yè)分工體系，對全球經(jīng)濟增長作出了重要貢獻。2017年，中國貨物進出口總額達到4.1萬億美元，是1978年的783倍；制造業(yè)領(lǐng)域?qū)嶋H利用外資達335億美元，對外直接投資累計1201億美元，中外互惠合作的范圍、層次和方式不斷拓展，中國制造業(yè)全面開放的格局已經(jīng)形成并不斷深化。
開放領(lǐng)域不斷擴大。制造業(yè)一直是外商投資的重點領(lǐng)域，2017年中國制造業(yè)新設(shè)立外商投資企業(yè)4986家，同比增長24.3%。新修訂的《外商投資產(chǎn)業(yè)指導(dǎo)目錄（2017年）》，大幅壓減了對外商投資的準入限制，在制造業(yè)31個大類、179個中類和609個小類中，完全對外資開放的已有22個大類、167個種類和585個小類，分別占71%、93.3%和96.1%。與此同時，中國企業(yè)海外投資近年來也呈現(xiàn)強勁增長態(tài)勢，制造業(yè)占海外投資比重三分之一以上，覆蓋紡織、食品、機械、汽車、電子等眾多領(lǐng)域，為合作雙方帶來豐厚回報。例如，2010年吉利公司收購沃爾沃后，經(jīng)過一系列戰(zhàn)略調(diào)整，到2015年沃爾沃全球共銷售50多萬輛汽車，創(chuàng)下該品牌建立88年來的歷史新紀錄，助力沃爾沃走出困境并重新煥發(fā)生機。在這一過程中，吉利也提升了自身管理水平，并通過協(xié)同和規(guī)模效應(yīng)與沃爾沃形成互利共贏的共同體。
合作區(qū)域不斷拓展。從經(jīng)濟特區(qū)到沿海開放城市再到中西部地區(qū)，中國制造業(yè)形成了全方位、多層次、寬領(lǐng)域的對外開放格局。1980年，中國在深圳設(shè)立第一個經(jīng)濟特區(qū)，各國的資金、技術(shù)和人才陸續(xù)來到深圳，并通過這個窗口打開960萬平方公里的巨大市場。時至今日，大眾、西門子、蘋果、英特爾、三星、豐田、塔塔等世界500強企業(yè)的身影已經(jīng)遍布中國東中西部地區(qū)，絕大多數(shù)企業(yè)都獲得了良好的投資回報。近幾年，在繼續(xù)堅持引進來的同時，中國政府鼓勵中資企業(yè)積極走出去。通過“一帶一路”建設(shè)，中國制造企業(yè)境外投資從過去主要投向歐洲、北美和東南亞地區(qū)不斷拓展到其他區(qū)域，很多企業(yè)積極到沿線國家投資興業(yè)，開展國際產(chǎn)能和裝備制造合作。中國同哈薩克斯坦、馬來西亞等30多個國家簽署了產(chǎn)能合作有關(guān)文件，對接規(guī)劃和項目，一批沿線國家急需的鋼鐵、有色金屬、建材等領(lǐng)域重大項目在市場化運作中穩(wěn)步實施，一批境外產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)相繼落成，為相關(guān)國家推動工業(yè)化、現(xiàn)代化進程作出了實實在在的貢獻。
開放層次不斷提高。近年來，外商投資的重點從加工制造逐步拓展到計算機、集成電路、智能制造等高新技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，在中國設(shè)立區(qū)域總部、研發(fā)中心的跨國公司近2000家。如中法企業(yè)達成共建“中法工業(yè)聯(lián)合創(chuàng)新中心”合作意向，法國達索系統(tǒng)公司將在動態(tài)仿真、增材制造、多機器人先進制造等領(lǐng)域與中方開展深度合作，打造未來制造業(yè)創(chuàng)新技術(shù)孵化平臺。2017年，高技術(shù)制造業(yè)實際使用外資665.9億元，同比增長11.3%；其中，電子及通信設(shè)備制造業(yè)、計算機及辦公設(shè)備制造業(yè)、醫(yī)療儀器設(shè)備及儀器儀表制造業(yè)同比分別增長7.9%、71.1%和28%。中國企業(yè)境外投資的規(guī)模和層次也在快速提升。2012年，中國對美直接投資首次超過美國對華投資；2016年，中國對美直接投資達169.81億美元，同比增長111.5%。在進入“全球產(chǎn)業(yè)20強”的中國工程機械制造商中，徐工、中聯(lián)重科、三一、柳工等企業(yè)幾乎都在歐洲建立了研發(fā)機構(gòu)。
合作渠道日趨常態(tài)化。在推動“中國制造2025”實施過程中，中國主動對接其他國家的制造業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，利用各種多邊、雙邊合作機制推動制造業(yè)國際合作，與德、法等國在戰(zhàn)略對接、標準制定、園區(qū)建設(shè)等方面積極開展對話與合作，涌現(xiàn)出許多中外合作典范。目前，已建立了中國-東盟投資合作基金、中拉產(chǎn)能合作投資基金、中歐共同投資基金、中墨投資基金、中法第三方市場合作共同基金等，旨在促進雙邊制造業(yè)合作發(fā)展。同時，中美、中德在智能制造、工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等領(lǐng)域的合作不斷深化。如，美國通用電氣公司也在工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)、標準、聯(lián)盟等領(lǐng)域與中國企業(yè)開展務(wù)實合作。又如，中德在智能制造領(lǐng)域圍繞產(chǎn)業(yè)、標準化、人才培養(yǎng)、示范園區(qū)等重點合作方向，開展了智能制造及生產(chǎn)過程網(wǎng)絡(luò)化合作試點示范，促進中德雙方互學(xué)互鑒，在合作新模式中實現(xiàn)互利互惠。
平等互惠性不斷增強。開放的中國制造業(yè)受益于國外資本、技術(shù)和人才的投入，也持續(xù)為外資企業(yè)提供了良好回報。2017年，中國乘用車共銷售2472萬輛，其中德系、日系、美系、韓系和法系乘用車銷量分別達到485萬輛、420萬輛、304萬輛、114萬輛和46萬輛，分別占乘用車銷售總量的19.6%、17.0%、12.3%、4.6%和1.8%。中國制造企業(yè)海外投資也給當?shù)貛ベY金、技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品，解決了當?shù)氐木蜆I(yè)、發(fā)展和稅收，不斷上演雙贏和多贏的故事。截至2017年底，僅中國企業(yè)在境外經(jīng)貿(mào)合作區(qū)累計投資就達到307億美元，上繳東道國稅費24.2億美元，為當?shù)貏?chuàng)造就業(yè)崗位25.8萬個。美中關(guān)系全國委員會報告顯示，中國企業(yè)在美國俄亥俄州直接雇傭了超過14萬名美國人，不僅為當?shù)刎暙I了寶貴的稅收和就業(yè)機會，也有助于維護和提升當?shù)毓苍O(shè)施建設(shè)。對此，《華爾街日報》認為中國投資重振美國“鐵銹地帶”。
40年來，改革開放有力地推動了中國制造業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，不僅支撐了中國經(jīng)濟的持續(xù)較快增長，也為全球經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)定增長作出了突出貢獻。按照聯(lián)合國發(fā)布的《2018年世界經(jīng)濟形勢與展望》報告，2017年全球經(jīng)濟將增長3%，中國對全球經(jīng)濟增長的貢獻率約為三分之一。在華外資企業(yè)普遍受益于中國經(jīng)濟增長，美中貿(mào)易全國委員會最近發(fā)布的《2017年中國商業(yè)環(huán)境調(diào)查》稱，95%的受訪公司在中國持續(xù)保持盈利，且三分之一的公司表示其在華業(yè)務(wù)比在其他市場的業(yè)務(wù)盈利高。
伴隨著中國制造業(yè)的崛起，一些人擔心，中國制造業(yè)發(fā)展中存在的產(chǎn)能過剩等結(jié)構(gòu)性問題外溢，將會對其他國家產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展帶來較大沖擊；也有一些人擔心，中國政府推出“中國制造2025”，僅僅有利于本土企業(yè)發(fā)展，將會對其他國家企業(yè)設(shè)置不公平競爭障礙。這些疑慮是沒必要的，正如習(xí)近平總書記在中國共產(chǎn)黨十九大報告中指出的那樣，“中國開放的大門不會關(guān)閉，只會越開越大”。無論過去、現(xiàn)在，還是未來，互利共贏、開放合作都是中國制造業(yè)發(fā)展過程中堅持的根本原則。同時，中國制造業(yè)對外開放還需要進一步擴大開放領(lǐng)域，提高政策透明度和穩(wěn)定性，優(yōu)化政府服務(wù)效能，持續(xù)改善營商環(huán)境。
我們將在制造業(yè)已基本開放的基礎(chǔ)上，進一步落實汽車、船舶、飛機等行業(yè)開放要求，放寬外資股比限制特別是汽車行業(yè)外資股比限制，并加強同國際經(jīng)貿(mào)規(guī)則對接，為外商提供更多更好的投資機會。
我們將扎實推進“一帶一路”建設(shè)。發(fā)揮好企業(yè)、協(xié)會、園區(qū)、政府等多方作用，提高服務(wù)水平，引導(dǎo)更多的中國企業(yè)到沿線國家投資興業(yè)，建立高水平的研發(fā)中心、制造基地和工業(yè)園區(qū)等。面向“一帶一路”建設(shè)帶來的巨大需求，推進與沿線國家在智能制造、工業(yè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、5G、車聯(lián)網(wǎng)、中小企業(yè)、民用航空、網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全等領(lǐng)域的交流合作，實現(xiàn)多方互利共盈。
我們將持續(xù)優(yōu)化營商環(huán)境。堅持“中國制造2025”及其相關(guān)政策措施一視同仁地適用于所有在中國境內(nèi)的企業(yè)，包括內(nèi)資企業(yè)和外資企業(yè)。建立健全外商投資準入前國民待遇加負面清單管理機制，切實降低制度性交易成本，強化知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護，提升事中事后監(jiān)管能力和水平，為全球投資者營造一個穩(wěn)定公平透明、法治化、可預(yù)期的營商環(huán)境。
開放帶來進步，封閉必然落后，這已被古今中外的發(fā)展實踐反復(fù)證明。面對復(fù)雜多變的國際形勢，沒有哪個國家能夠獨立應(yīng)對各種挑戰(zhàn)，也沒有哪個國家能夠退回到自我封閉的孤島。我們將繼續(xù)秉承開放合作的理念，堅持市場化導(dǎo)向，更深更廣融入全球供給體系，在開放合作中積極履行社會責任，與世界各國一道，攜手努力、共同擔當、同舟共濟、共渡難關(guān)，推動經(jīng)濟全球化朝著更加開放、包容、普惠、平衡、共贏的方向發(fā)展，努力構(gòu)建人類命運共同體。

Further opening up of manufacturing to promote global growth

"A single tree cannot block the chilly wind," goes a European saying. Similarly, a Chinese proverb says: "Many hands make light work." It is becoming a global consensus to build a community of shared future for humankind based on openness and win-win cooperation.
　　This year 2018 is the first year after the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and also marks the 40th anniversary of China's reform and opening-up.
　　Throughout the past 40 years, China's manufacturing industry has remained committed to the philosophy of open development, the development path of "bringing in" and "going global", and opening up both at multilateral and regional levels. Therefore, the manufacturing sector has gradually shifted from policy-oriented to institutional opening-up, becoming an important part of the overall national opening-up process for win-win cooperation.
　　The past four decades also have witnessed profound changes in China. As far as manufacturing is concerned, China has become the leading country in the world in terms of production, export, foreign investment utilization and overseas investment. And China's manufacturing sector is gradually integrating into the global industry division of labor, contributing significantly to global economic growth.
　　In 2017, China's total import and export of goods reached $4.1 trillion, which is 783 times of that in 1978. For the manufacturing sector, the annual actual utilization of foreign capital reached $33.5 billion and direct overseas investment amounted to$120.1 billion, with mutually beneficial cooperation with foreign countries expanding in scope, level and approach. A framework of all-round opening-up of the manufacturing sector is also taking shape and continues to develop.
　　Scope of opening-up continues to increase
　　The manufacturing sector has remained a key area for foreign investment. In 2017, there were 4,986 newly established foreign-invested manufacturing enterprises in China, up 24.3 percent year-on-year. The recently revised Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries (2017) has substantially reduced the access restrictions for foreign investment. In terms of manufacturing products, 22 of the 31 categories, 167 of the 179 subcategories, and 585 of the 609 branch-categories are fully open to foreign investment, accounting for 71 percent, 93.3 percent and 96.1 percent, respectively, of the categories.
　　In recent years, the momentum of Chinese enterprises' investment abroad has been growing vigorously. The manufacturing sector takes up more than one-third of the total overseas investment, covering areas such as textiles, food, machinery, automobile and electronics, and generating enormous economic returns for both sides.
　　For example, Geely acquired Volvo in 2010. After a series of strategic adjustments, Volvo sold more than 500,000 vehicles worldwide in 2015, a record high in its 88-year history, helping the company overcome its difficulties and regain business vitality. During the process, Geely also improved its management and established with Volvo a community of shared interests through collaboration and scale effect.
　　Areas of cooperation continue to expand
　　From special economic zones at the beginning to opening up coastal cities and central and western regions later, the opening-up process for China's manufacturing sector is becoming multi-dimensional, multi-level and wide-ranging. Since China established its first special economic zone in Shenzhen in 1980, capital, technologies and talents from different parts of the world have been attracted by the city, and later by the entire Chinese market of 9.6 million square kilometers.
　　As of today, many of the world's top 500 companies, such as Volkswagen, Siemens, Apple, Intel, Samsung, Toyota and Tata, have all established their presence across the eastern, central and western regions of China. Most of those companies have enjoyed good investment returns. In recent years, while continuing with the "bringing-in" strategy, the Chinese government has also encouraged domestic enterprises to "go global".
　　Driven by the Belt and Road Initiative, Chinese manufacturing companies are expanding their overseas investment to other regions besides Europe, North America and Southeast Asia, which have been their focus for decades. Many companies are exploring investment opportunities in countries along the Belt and Road and seeking cooperation on international capacity and equipment manufacturing.
　　China has signed relevant documents with more than 30 countries, including Kazakhstan and Malaysia, on international capacity cooperation for synergizing development plans and facilitating cooperative projects. As a result, a batch of major projects on iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, construction materials and other areas are being smoothly implemented to meet the urgent needs of the countries along the Belt and Road, and a number of industrial parks have been established overseas. These cooperation projects have boosted the industrialization and modernization process of the concerned countries.
Process of upgrading opening-up continues
　　In recent years, the focus of foreign investment has been gradually moving from processing and manufacturing to high-tech fields such as computers, integrated circuits and smart manufacturing.
　　Nearly 2,000 multinational companies have set up their regional headquarters or research and development centers in China. For instance, Dassault Systems and its Chinese partner have agreed to establish a Sino-French joint industry innovation center. They will strengthen cooperation in dynamic simulation, additive manufacturing and multi-robot advanced manufacturing to develop an incubation platform for future innovative manufacturing technologies.
　　The actual use of foreign investment in high-tech manufacturing was$66.59 billion in 2017, up 11.3 percent year-on-year, of which the growth rates for such sectors as electronics and communications equipment, computers and office equipment, and medical equipment and instruments were 7.9 percent, 71.1 percent and 28 percent, respectively. The scale and level of overseas investment by Chinese enterprises are also seeing rapid increase.
　　In 2012, Chinese direct investment in the United States exceeded, for the first time, US investments in China. In 2016, China's direct investment in the US reached $16.98 billion, up 111.5 percent year-on-year. And Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group, Zoomlion, Sany and Liu-Gong Group, which are among the world's top 20 engineering machinery manufacturers, as well as other Chinese companies have set up R&D centers in Europe.
　　Cooperative systems being normalized
　　Thanks to the implementation of the Made in China 2025 plan, China has enhanced synergies in manufacturing development strategies and promoted cooperation with Germany, France and other countries through multilateral or bilateral mechanisms. The exchanges and cooperation, among others areas, cover strategy coordination, standardization and development of industrial parks.
　　In fact, a number of financial cooperation mechanisms have been in place to promote bilateral cooperation in manufacturing, including China-ASEAN Investment Cooperation Fund, China-Latin America Production Capacity Cooperation Investment Fund, China-EU Joint Investment Fund, China-Mexico Investment Fund, and China-France Fund for Joint Cooperation with Third-Party Markets.
　　Besides, Sino-US and Sino-German cooperation on smart manufacturing and Industrial Internet is deepening. For example, General Electric Company is cooperating with Chinese companies on Industrial Internet technologies and standardization. Another example is that, by focusing on smart manufacturing, standardization, talents development, demonstration parks, China and Germany have launched pilot projects for cooperation on intelligent manufacturing and production process networking so as to learn from each other and achieve mutual benefit through new ways of cooperation.
　　The level of reciprocity continues to improve
　　While benefiting from the inflow of foreign capital, technologies and talents, China's manufacturing sector has also continuously generated favorable economic returns for foreign companies. In 2017, a total of 24.72 million passenger vehicles were sold in China, of which German, Japanese, US, South Korean and French brands accounted for 19.6 percent, 17.0 percent, 12.3 percent, 4.6 percent and 1.8 percent of the total sales volume, respectively.
　　By investing overseas, Chinese manufacturing companies have also brought funds, technologies and products to the target countries and thus contributed to the development of the local economy, by creating jobs and paying tax, producing a win-win result.
　　By the end of 2017, Chinese companies' accumulated investment in overseas trade cooperative zones was$30.7 billion, which generated$2.42 billion in tax and fees, and created 258,000 local jobs for the host countries. A report released by the National Committee on US-China Relations shows Chinese companies employed more than 140,000 American workers in Ohio, which not only generated tax income and created jobs, but also helped improve local public infrastructure. This prompted even the Wall Street Journal to refer to Chinese investment as helpful for reviving the Rust Belt cities in the US.
　　The 40 years of reform and opening-up have vigorously promoted the rapid development of China's manufacturing sector, supported the sustainable and rapid growth of the Chinese economy, and contributed significantly to the steady growth of the global economy. According to the World Economic Situation and Prospects 2018 report published by the United Nations, global economic growth is estimated to have reached 3 percent in 2017 with the Chinese economy contributing about one-third to that growth.
Foreign firms benefit from China's progress
　　According to the 2017 China Business Environment Survey, released by the US-China Business Council recently, 95 percent of the responding foreign companies said they enjoyed continuous profits in China, with one-third of the respondents indicating their business profits in China are higher than in other markets.
　　With the rise of the Chinese manufacturing sector, some people are concerned that the spillover effect that might arise from structural problems such as excess capacity will have a negative impact on other countries' industries. Others are worried that the Made in China 2025 plan may only benefit the local enterprises and create obstacles to foreign companies, thus resulting in unfair competition. These concerns are unnecessary.
　　As General Secretary Xi Jinping stated in the report to the 19th CPC National Congress: "China will not close its open door to the world; instead, China will become more and more open." China's manufacturing industry has been and always will be upholding the fundamental principle of mutual benefit and open cooperation. We will also further open up the manufacturing industry, improve policy transparency and stability, optimize government services and efficiency, and continue to improve the business environment.
　　Moving from where we are, we will implement the commitments to further open up such sectors as automobiles, shipbuilding and aircraft manufacturing, by easing restrictions over the proportion of foreign equity as early as possible, especially in the auto sector. We will also enhance alignment with international economic and trade rules, and provide foreign investors with more and better opportunities.
　　Solid steps will be taken to implement the Belt and Road Initiative. We will see to it that the enterprises, associations, parks and governments play their due roles in the implementation. We will also improve public services and encourage more Chinese companies to invest and do business in countries along the Belt and Road, in order to establish high-level R&D centers, manufacturing bases and industrial parks. In response to the huge demands arising from the Belt and Road Initiative, we will facilitate exchanges and cooperation with countries along the Belt and Road in smart manufacturing, Industrial Internet, 5G, connected vehicles, small and medium-sized enterprises, civil aviation and cybersecurity, thus promoting mutual benefit and common development.
　　Business environment will be optimized
　　We are committed to ensuring that the Made in China 2025 plan and other relevant policies are applied equally to all enterprises in China, both Chinese and foreign enterprises. We will establish a solid mechanism for managing foreign investments－characterized by pre-establishment national treatment with a negative list approach－reducing government imposed transaction costs, strengthening intellectual property rights protection, and enhancing regulation both during and after investment, with the aim of creating a stable, fair, transparent, law-based business environment for global investors.
　　It has been widely acknowledged throughout history that openness brings progress and isolation only leads to backwardness. Given the complex and ever-changing international environment, no country on its own can address the many challenges, nor can any country afford to retreat into self-isolation. We will adhere to the principle of open cooperation and market-based orientation, integrate into the global supply chain at a deeper and broader level, and actively fulfill our due social responsibilities in the process of opening-up and cooperation.
　　And we will work together with other countries to share responsibilities, overcome difficulties, and make economic globalization more open, inclusive, balanced and beneficial with a view to building a community of shared future for humankind.
　　The author is minister of Industry and Information Technology.